Nursing theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing theory - Assignment Example I see evidence-based practice as presenting an important for nurses to break away from past practice of nursing where nurses applied minimal professional knowledge with most of their interventions based on their subjective judgment on what they liked or disliked. Consequently, evidence-based practice trends in the delivery of quality nursing care has led to improved practice as decisions are now based on application of body of knowledge that focus on understanding and knowing patients and their health experiences, knowledge of research process essential in providing best interventions in particular cases. Among the theories that have contributed to the development of evidence-based, practice in nursing care is theory of interpersonal relations postulated by Peplau. Peplau’s theory focuses on the interaction of the nurse and the patient with the objective of ensuring nursing practice is therapeutic since it is a healing art. Through the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing, nurses and patients are perceived as individuals whose collaboration would lead to achievement of a common objective. Peplau prominence of the theory in nursing practice is influence by research findings suggesting that communication is important in establishing professional relationship between the nurse and patient and contributes to the nurse and patient learning and identifying the best approach in improving patient’s condition (Lubkin and Larsen, 2006). Introducing concepts in theory of interpersonal relations in nursing practice will therefore constitute evidence-based practice, as the n urse will relay on research to make an educated decision. The development of nursing theory has contributed to the improvement of nursing education, nursing research and nursing practice as practitioners seek effective and efficient interventions for conditions presented by different patients. Since the

Designing a Plant Cell Model

Designing a Plant Cell Model Advanced Biology Cell Project   Ã‚   Cell Wall The cell, a complex yet basic part of our existence. Unlike humans, one of the most important parts of a cell for a plant cell is the cell wall. The cell wall gives the plant shape, strength, and enables communication to adjacent cells. This essential portion of the cell was initially found by Robert Hooke, though he named it simply wall. Other scientists, such as Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F Link, added to Hookes finding. What they found was that cells had their own individual walls, and that cells interacted through holes, later named the plasmodesmata. Before this discovery, it was thought that cell walls encircled large masses of cells, and that was the way that cells interacted. There are many different arrangements for cell walls, and certain parts (such as the secondary cell wall) do not show up in different types of cells. The most basic cell wall consists of two main layers, with the plasma membrane directly beneath it. The first layer is known as the Middle Lamella. This is the outermost layer of the cell wall. This layer mainly consists of a large amount of pectins, along with many other parts. The middle lamella is responsible for gluing the walls of two adjacent cells together, providing the stability to create plasmodesmata between the cells. The primary cell wall is mainly made up of cellulose microfibrils, which are what provide the structure and shape of the cell wall. This layer is also made up of little bits of hemicellulose, which is a polysaccharide responsible for adding extra strength to the cellulose microfibrils. If you happen to have a cell that does have a secondary cell wall, it is there to add extra rigidity and strength, so the cell likely would belong to a larger plant. This layer is primarily cellulose, lignin, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. This layer also has three other layers (S1, S2, and S3). These layers each have more cellulose microfibrils that alternate in directions. These parts of the secondary cell wall are what allows trees to exist. As wood cell walls mainly consist of secondary cell walls, which provide the structure that they need to stand up against gravity. Cell walls are formed in an odd way. The middle lamella is laid down first, which originates from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In other words, the middle lamella is formed while the cell is splitting off from the mother cell, after the nucleus has split into two. The primary cell wall is then inserted into the middle lamella. The cellulose microfibrils, located in the primary cell wall, are created in the plasma membrane by a process known as cellulose synthase complex. This process is not fully understood, but it is thought that all cellulose-synthesizing organisms have cellulose synthase proteins, which are catalysts for the polymerization of glucan chains. This essentially all boils down to the cellulose synthase proteins kick starting the reaction that allows for the glucan chains to become cellulose. The way that I have designed my model of the cell wall, is I have spent about 5 hours going through iteration upon iteration in CAD. When I finally decided on a simplistic, yet fully informational model, I exported all the 3D models as an STL (or stereolithography file), which is a dot-matrix of the solid. My slicer software (Cura 15.04.6) then took the file, and turned it into a series of coordinates, and other commands (such as the temperature to heat up the print nozzle/bed the print speed extrusion rate). This file I then exported this file to my SD card as a .gcode file, which my 3D printer is able to understand. The SD card was then plugged into the printer, and printed. Overall, I exported 3 different .gcode files (one for the cellulose, and two others for the middle lamella and plasma membrane) as they all wouldnt fit on the build plate as a single print. All three prints took me about 4 hours combined of print time. The way that I designed my main plant cell model was similar to this, but also very different. The first thing that I had to come up with was my wiring diagram, which consisted of me figuring out what value of resistor I needed to not let the 9v battery blow out my LEDs (every color of LED requires a different value of resistor), and how I would wire everything. I then had to design the cell in CAD. The wiring diagram probably took me about an hour, as I was trying to lay everything out the most efficient way possible on a mockup of my proto-board (done in circuit design software). I then spent about 10 hours total designing each individual part in CAD (I also ordered all the parts and got them 2 day shipped). Once all the parts arrived, I was just finishing up with the CAD, so I started the prints on the parts (the base board alone took 3 hours as I set it to a higher infill (50% instead of 10%) as I wanted it to be more substantial, and sturdy. The other parts took about 4 and a ha lf more hours to print (I printed excess of the organelles in case one broke while drilling). Bibliography Cell Wall. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Feb. 2017. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. Cell Wall. Cell Wall Biology-Online Dictionary. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. Cellulose Synthase (UDP-forming). Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Feb. 2017. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. Cytokinesis. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Feb. 2017. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. Li, Shundai, Logan Bashline, Lei Lei, and Ying Gu. Cellulose Synthesis and Its Regulation. The Arabidopsis Book / American Society of Plant Biologists. American Society of Plant Biologists, 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.

Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papers

Liquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled "Liquid-Liquid Extraction.† Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARY Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well. Nomenclature Symbol Definition Units Xf Concentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene (gm/mL) Xr Concentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL) Ys Concentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL) m slope of the equilibrium line dimensions e extraction factor dimensions N number of theoretical stages dimensions Zt actual height of experimental column (inches) HETS height of equivalent theoretical stages (inches) References Robbins, L. A., â€Å"Liquid-Liquid Extraction†, in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984) Allerton, J., â€Å"Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers.† American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39:361-384 (1943). Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papers Liquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled "Liquid-Liquid Extraction.† Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARY Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well. Nomenclature Symbol Definition Units Xf Concentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene (gm/mL) Xr Concentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL) Ys Concentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL) m slope of the equilibrium line dimensions e extraction factor dimensions N number of theoretical stages dimensions Zt actual height of experimental column (inches) HETS height of equivalent theoretical stages (inches) References Robbins, L. A., â€Å"Liquid-Liquid Extraction†, in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984) Allerton, J., â€Å"Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers.† American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39:361-384 (1943).

A Probation Officer’s View of Effectiveness

There are two distinct sets of interests that were served by the individual evaluations; it can fairly be said that the newspaper’s evaluation of the department served the interests of the newspaper, as the newspaper would of course be able to use such sensational articles to attract readers to their publication.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can also be said that to a certain extent, the interests of the public are served if there is accurate information in the newspaper articles.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the proposed evaluation would serve the needs of the higher ups in the probation department, as the evaluation could serve as a means for the managers to protect themselves from potential complaints from the public as a result of the newspaper articles.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What theory or theories of effectiveness are represented in the new evaluation format?One theory of effectiveness which is especially appropriate in describing the new evaluation format is contingency theory.   T o be more precise in describing what is meant by contingency theory in this particular situation is that the new evaluation format would only be effective and useful to any extent if it were accepted by the subordinates in the department once handed down from the director of the department.   All of this ties back to the allegations made by the newspaper as well, because if the new evaluation format is not embraced by the entire department-superiors and subordinates alike-it will not be able to come into being, just as the original attempt at an evaluation resulted in the loss of a department head and the appointment of a new head, who is now attempting to institute the new evaluation format.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What process and outcome measures are included in the evaluation? What domain of activity do these cover? Is the meaning of the variables clear?Within the evaluation, the process measures included consist of the surveillance/monitoring of clients, the intake/processing o f clients, and the ability to take on additional cases to maximize productivity.Additionally, the outcome measures could include the success of the clients upon their completion of the probation program, the resulting reduction of caseload for the probation workers, and improvement of the overall system that is utilized for the processing and monitoring of clients.The domain of activities that these measures cover can best be described as a combination of administrative and enforcement, which is to say that the probation officers perform the actual law enforcement activities required of them as well as the accompanying paperwork and recordkeeping.   The meaning of the variables overall is somewhat vague; for example, how one can measure the â€Å"success† of a client may be easier said than done, as is the measure of the improvements to the system itself.   The point to be realized here is that variables must be clearly defined if a process is to be as effective as possib le.   

Notes on Aryl Halides

3/22/2012 ARYL HALIDES 2. displacement reactions of diazonium salts ARYL HALIDES General formula: Ar–X where X = F, Cl, Br or I Examples Structure: ? C-X bonds are shorter and stronger Bond C-Cl C-Br Ar-X 1. 69 AÂ ° 1. 86 AÂ ° R-X 1. 77 1. 91 ? Dipole moments are unusually small. Bond C-Cl Preparation: 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution – useful only if one product is obtained C-Br Ar-X 1. 7 D 1. 7 D R-X 2. 10 D 2. 15 D ? Dipole moments may cancel out depending on the geometry of the molecule. 1 3/22/2012 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: ?Boiling points – similar to those of alkyl halides; same trends ? Melting point – Among disubstituted aryl dihalides, para isomer has unusually high MP; ~70 – 100 Â °C higher than ortho and meta isomers ? Solubility behavior – insoluble in water; soluble in nonpolar organic solvents – para isomer is less soluble than ortho or meta in any given solvent ? can be readily purified by recrystallization Consider : REACTIONS: 1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) – recall directing power (o, p director) but ring is deactivated toward EAS. 2.Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS or SNAr) ipso substitution ? an atom or group other than H is replaced in the reaction Reaction Mechanisms For NAS: A. BIMOLECULAR DISPLACEMENT: addition-elimination mechanism; occurs under mild conditions ***the aromatic ring must contain strongly electron – withdrawing or electron – attracting groups 2 3/22/2012 Observations: 1. Element effect (Bunnett): Aryl halides do not show much difference in reactivities toward NAS via bimolecular displacement. 2. Aryl fluorides are most reactive. II. Addition – fast removal of the halogen as X- is not the rate determining step . B. The Benzyne Mechanism: Elimination-addition mechanism – occurs under forcing or vigorous conditions Evidence for the benzyne mechanism: 1. scrambling of the label – reaction mechanism: 2. benzyne c annot form if both ortho positions are occupied by other groups 3 3/22/2012 D. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction 3. O-bromoanisole and m-bromoanisole give the same product under the reaction conditions. ANALYSIS: 1. Chemical tests: Test Reagent Br2/CCl4 KMnO4 AgNO3 Result (-) (-) (-)OTHER REACTIONS OF ARYL HALIDES 1. Metallation Reactions for aryl halides without reactive groups Grignard Reaction: 2. IR Spectroscopy C-X absorptions lie in the fingerprint region ? not useful for analysis 1000 – 1350 cm-1 C – F str. 750 – 850 cm-1 C – Cl str. 500 – 680 cm-1 C – Br str. 200 – 500 cm-1 C – I str. Important peak frequencies 1500, 1600 cm-1 3000 – 3100 cm-1 aromatic C – C str. aromatic C – H str. Reaction with Lithium Metal: Transmetallation – most successful with ArBr and ArI 4